Public international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public international law - Essay Example Part 1: Background on the Dispute In 1858, Costa Rica and Nicaragua ratified a Treaty of Limits granting Nicaragua sovereign jurisdiction over a 140 km stretch of the San Juan River, and Costa Rica sovereign rights over its right bank, as well as certain ,navigational rights, "con objetos de comercio."2 An 1888 arbitral award rendered by United States President Grover Cleveland affirmed the Treaty's continuing validity3 and upheld Costa Rica's right to navigate the river with revenue service vessels, but not war vessels.3. In 1916, the Central American Court of Justice held that Nicaragua breached the 1858 Treaty by signing the Chamorro-Bryan Treaty of 1914, granting the United States "exclusive proprietary rights" for the construction and maintenance of an inter-oceanic canal through the river. Excluding a 1956 Agreement on river traffic and protection of the border, no events of significance to the treaty regime occurred for almost seventy years. Starting in the 1980s, Costa Rica p rotested Nicaragua's introduction of new restrictions on navigation, while Nicaragua alleged Costa Rica was exceeding its right of free navigation under the 1858 Treaty. Tensions mounted. On September 29, 2005, Costa Rica instituted proceedings against Nicaragua at the ICJ claiming that Nicaragua was in breach of its obligations under the 1858 Treaty. Nicaragua raised no objections to the Court's jurisdiction. Costa Rica sought an order declaring Nicaragua in breach, and requiring Nicaragua to cease unlawful conduct, make reparation, and give assurances of non-repetition. Nicaragua denied breaching any obligations, asserted that any obligations allegedly breached did not derive from any international law rule, and sought a number of rulings on its power to regulate Costa Rica's navigational rights. Part 2: Summary of the Judgment The July 13, 2009 Judgment provides concrete guidance on the extent of Costa Rica's right to free navigation, defines the scope of Nicaragua's power to reg ulate Costa Rica's right, and identifies a customary right of Costa Rican riparians to engage in subsistence fishing. Specifically, the Court held that Costa Rica has a treaty right to free navigation "for the purposes of commerce," including the transport of passengers and tourists, and that Nicaragua cannot impose visa or tourist card requirements on passengers of Costa Rican vessels. Also, the Court concluded that Costa Rican riparians have the right to navigate between their communities to meet everyday essential needs, as do Costa Rican official vessels used solely to provide essential services to riparian communities. Costa Rica does not have the right, however, to navigate with vessels carrying out police functions, to exchange police border post personnel, or to resupply posts. The Court ruled that Nicaragua has the right to require Costa Rican vessels to stop at the first and last Nicaraguan posts on their route; require river travelers to carry an identity document; issue, but not charge for, departure certificates; impose navigation timetables; and require vessels to display the Nicaraguan flag. Part 3: The Judgement 1. On 29 September 2005 the Republic of Costa Rica filed in the Registry of the Court an Application of the same date,

Patients with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome Essay -- Health, Treatment

Introduction It is known that glucocorticoids (GCs) therapy is the treatment of choice for patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS); however some patients fail to respond to the treatment even when given high-dose GCs. For those patients, the treatment should be bolstered by synergising GCs with other immunosuppressant [1]. Although biochemical alterations and clinical manifestations in most nephrotic patients seem to be quite similar, substantial differences are encountered regarding the course of disease. Relapses of proteinuria are experienced in approximately 60% to 80% of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome patients and despite initial complete remission some remain steroid dependent or become steroid-resistant [2]. The lack of response to corticosteroids has been explained by several mechanisms. This may be ascribed to overwhelming disease severity, poor compliance, abnormalities in glucocorticoid metabolism or poor absorption, especially in patients with NS, who often develop heavy proteinuria and Hypoalbuminaemia, and, finally, by GCs resistance due to a GCR or postreceptor abnormality. GCR was incriminated in worsening the response to steroids earlier [3,4], but inadequate response to these agents, either due to inherited target tissue defective response or acquired impaired responsiveness is often reported by the clinicians in a number of patients [5]. If clinical response was predicted before therapy, synergised treatment might be performed at the beginning of the treatment to avoid side effects of chronic high-dose hormone therapy, which could improve the individual response to GC therapy and benefit more patients. Glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) seems to be related to the pathogenesis of steroid... ...ic indicator for patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. During follow-up patients with non-relapsing and infrequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome had a median time to achieve remission 7 days [5]. Thus taken together all those data we can speculate that evaluation of the expression of intracellular glucocorticoid receptors shown as the percentage of lymphocytes (CD3/GCR) can directly predict early and late responders to steroid therapy, and as a result the outcome of nephrotic syndrome patients regarding future relapses if any. However, there has been no study on the relationship between the expression of lymphocytes GCR and the time to achieve complete remission in pediatric age group patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome so far.

South Africa Is Our Only Real Mother

The hand that rocks the cradle, Is the hand that rules the world. These are the wise words of William Wallace. I agree with him: A mother knows how to educate her children. For us South Africa is our only real mother. Plinks said: People undertake great Journeys to faraway places to see things that they don't appreciate in their own country. Our Mother South Africa cares about us, and therefore she takes us to her Art Museum filled with all her beautiful treasures of nature. Table Mountain with its cloudy table-cloth, is the beacon where a new nation was born.Then she takes us on the Garden Route through Cornerstones with its bonbons and protease. According to the description of the poet Liana Spies, Unequalled is the place where God's seed sachet was leaking†¦ When Spring starts, the earth is covered with thousands of colored flowers that take your breath away! From there she takes you on a game drive to the big five. Nowhere else in the world will you find this unique variety of wild life: Lions, Elephants, Rhino, Buffalo's and Leopards. It is the dream of every hunter to have a trophy of one of these animals as part of his hunting collection- Says PeterWeakened in the magazine â€Å"Go† of Cot 08. A mother definitely spoils her child. South Africa has many resources. If you open the tap, the water is running. If you drive into the countryside, you see the crop fields, vineyards, fruit orchards, vegetable farms and plantations that provide food and oxygen to Mother Africans children. If you walk out the door and see children play, you realize that that is a privilege – Says Urdu van Wok in ROI Rose of July 08. Oversees cluster houses with no garden at all, are the normal way of living. So, appreciate the open blue, African Sky!Ecologist Sydney Wright said: The earth is our playground. Mother South Africa nurtures us. We are all caught up in the rat race against time. We run around like mad dogs, being uptight and stiff-lipped. Then Mother S outh Africa puts her arms around us and takes us on a trip to the beach where we can revivalist our souls. It doesn't matter what we enjoy most: The fresh sea breeze, the deep blue ocean, the hot white sand, or the hot brown bodies†¦.! South Africans are known as the sun-seekers of the world. And when the sun sets, we turn to the company of a barbecue with friends and loved ones. Amp steak and the call of the hyena†¦ No wonder the English Pompoms me. Y us and try to copy-cat our â€Å"brainless. † I call their poor excuse for meat on a TV-briar, a â€Å"Barbie†! Ladies and gentlemen†¦ According to National Geographic, South Africa has 5 of the world's top rated nature reserves. We are lucky that Mother South Africa cuddles us with her beautiful scenery. She spoils us by keeping our food stores full, And provides us with exotic places to relax and revivalist. Mother South Africa is a country that provides us with what the Afrikaans poet – C Louis L eopold – describes as: â€Å"Summer, sun and sapphire for me!!

Constructing and Reconstructing Essay - 1291 Words

1. Woody Holton reveals the motives of the Founding Fathers depend widely on individual judgment of the terms under the Articles of Confederation. Holton claims that historians excessively rely on sources by the Federalist which reveals a prejudiced Federalist view (Hollitz, 110). Woody Holton uses the writings of James Madison and Alexander Hamilton to expose the Founding Fathers deeper motives in writing the Constitution. The Founding Fathers were frustrated because state legislatures had been given in to popular demands to reduce taxes and increase the money supply (for relief from the recession). While citizens were behind on their taxes; states were unable to pay interest on bonds, which crippled the government operations†¦show more content†¦The Federalist Paper No. 10 argues that a republic is capable of controlling the effects of faction, more than a democracy. The reason is that a system of representation is more capable of protecting the rights of the individ uals, as well as being able to balance the needs of the public good. James Madison views many advantages of a republic over a pure democracy. A republic, Madison writes, is different from a democracy because its government is placed in the hands of delegates, and as a result of this, it can be extended over a larger area. The idea is that in a large republic there will be more â€Å"fit characters† to choose from for each delegate (Hollitz, 106). The chosen elites as representatives of the people will be more helpful to the public good than by the people themselves. Also, the fact that each representative is chosen from a larger number of citizens should make the â€Å"vicious arts† (Hollitz, 107). For instance, in a larger republic a corrupt delegate would need to bribe many more people in order to win an election than in a small republic, making it more difficult for unworthy candidates. Second, the same advantage which a republic has over a pure democracy in controlling the effects of faction by a larger over a small republic (Hollitz, 107). Madison explains the failure of democracy for not understanding the need of the public good. Another flaw that Madison identifies in a democracy is that it allows individuals to be their ownShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Queer Theory On Post Secondary Sport Teams1397 Words   |  6 Pagessexuality by reconstructing labels used for sexual identification, emphasizing both physical and mental strength and skill among British male university students and rejecting the notion of stable sex and that subject’s positions as disciplined constructions of identity in sporting environments such as post-secondary youth sporting teams. 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